Copyright 2007; Adopted 1984; Revised
1991, 1997; 2005.
National Association of Legal Assistants, Inc.
Model Standards and Guidelines for
Utilization of
Legal Assistants·Paralegals
Table of Contents:
INTRODUCTION
PREAMBLE
DEFINITION
STANDARDS
GUIDELINES
Addendum
(includes case law references and summary of state activity)
The purpose of this annotated version of the National
Association of Legal Assistants, Inc. Model Standards and Guidelines for
the Utilization of Legal Assistants (the "Model,"
"Standards" and/or the "Guidelines") is to provide
references to the existing case law and other authorities where the
underlying issues have been considered. The authorities cited will serve
as a basis upon which conduct of a legal assistant may be analyzed as
proper or improper.
The Guidelines represent a statement of how the legal
assistant may function. The Guidelines are not intended to be a
comprehensive or exhaustive list of the proper duties of a legal
assistant. Rather, they are designed as guides to what may or may not be
proper conduct for the legal assistant. In formulating the Guidelines,
the reasoning and rules of law in many reported decisions of
disciplinary cases and unauthorized practice of law cases have been
analyzed and considered. In addition, the provisions of the American Bar
Association's Model Rules of Professional Conduct, as well as the
ethical promulgations of various state courts and bar associations have
been considered in the development of the Guidelines.
These Guidelines form a sound basis for the legal assistant
and the supervising attorney to follow. This Model will serve as a
comprehensive resource document and as a definitive, well-reasoned guide
to those considering voluntary standards and guidelines for legal
assistants.
I
Proper utilization of the services of legal assistants
contributes to the delivery of cost-effective, high-quality legal
services. Legal assistants and the legal profession should be assured
that measures exist for identifying legal assistants and their role in
assisting attorneys in the delivery of legal services. Therefore, the
National Association of Legal Assistants, Inc., hereby adopts these
Standards and Guidelines as an educational document for the benefit of
legal assistants and the legal profession.
COMMENT
The three most frequently raised questions concerning legal
assistants are (1) How do you define a legal assistant; (2) Who is
qualified to be identified as a legal assistant; and (3) What duties may
a legal assistant perform? The definition adopted in 1984 by the
National Association of Legal Assistants answers the first question. The
Model sets forth minimum education, training and experience through
standards which will assure that an individual utilizing the title
"legal assistant" or "paralegal" has the qualifications to be held out to the
legal community and the public in that capacity. The Guidelines identify
those acts which the reported cases hold to be proscribed and give
examples of services which the legal assistant may perform under the
supervision of a licensed attorney.
These Guidelines constitute a statement relating to services
performed by legal assistants, as defined herein, as approved by court
decisions and other sources of authority. The purpose of the Guidelines
is not to place limitations or restrictions on the legal assistant
profession. Rather, the Guidelines are intended to outline for the legal
profession an acceptable course of conduct. Voluntary recognition and
utilization of the Standards and Guidelines will benefit the entire
legal profession and the public it serves.
II
The National Association of Legal Assistants adopted the
following definition in 1984:
Legal assistants, also known as paralegals, are a
distinguishable group of persons who assist attorneys in the
delivery of legal services. Through formal education, training, and
experience, legal assistants have knowledge and expertise regarding
the legal system and substantive and procedural law which qualify
them to do work of a legal nature under the supervision of an
attorney.
In recognition of the similarity of the definitions and the need for
one clear definition, in July 2001, the NALA membership approved a
resolution to adopt the definition of the American Bar Association as
well. The ABA definition reads as follows:
A legal assistant or paralegal is a person qualified by
education, training or work experience who is employed or retained
by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other
entity who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work
for which a lawyer is responsible. (Adopted by the ABA in 1997)
COMMENT
These definitions emphasize the knowledge and expertise of
legal assistants in substantive and procedural law obtained through
education and work experience. They further define the legal assistant or
paralegal as a professional working under the supervision of an attorney
as distinguished from a non-lawyer who delivers services directly to the
public without any intervention or review of work product by an
attorney. Such unsupervised services, unless authorized by court or
agency rules, constitute the unauthorized practice of law.
Statutes, court rules, case law and bar association documents are
additional sources for legal assistant or paralegal definitions. In
applying the Standards and Guidelines, it is important to remember that
they were developed to apply to the legal assistant as defined herein.
Lawyers should refrain from labeling those as paralegals or legal
assistants who do not meet the criteria set forth in these definitions
and/or the definitions set forth by state rules, guidelines or bar
associations. Labeling secretaries and other administrative staff as
legal assistants/paralegals is inaccurate.
For billing purposes, the services of a legal secretary are
considered part of overhead costs and are not recoverable in fee awards.
However, the courts have held that fees for paralegal services are
recoverable as long as they are not clerical functions, such as
organizing files, copying documents, checking docket, updating files,
checking court dates and delivering papers. As established in Missouri
v. Jenkins, 491 U.S.274, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 2471, n.10 (1989) tasks
performed by legal assistants must be substantive in nature which,
absent the legal assistant, the attorney would perform.
There are also case law and Supreme Court Rules addressing the
issue of a disbarred attorney serving in the capacity of a legal
assistant.
III
A legal assistant should meet certain minimum qualifications.
The following standards may be used to determine an individual's
qualifications as a legal assistant:
- Successful completion of the Certified Legal Assistant
(CLA)/Certified Paralegal (CP) certifying examination of the National Association
of Legal Assistants, Inc.;
- Graduation from an ABA approved program of study for
legal assistants;
- Graduation from a course of study for legal assistants
which is institutionally accredited but not ABA approved, and which
requires not less than the equivalent of 60 semester hours of
classroom study;
- Graduation from a course of study for legal assistants,
other than those set forth in (2) and (3) above, plus not less than
six months of in-house training as a legal assistant;
- A baccalaureate degree in any field, plus not less than
six months in-house training as a legal assistant;
- A minimum of three years of law-related experience
under the supervision of an attorney, including at least six months
of in-house training as a legal assistant; or
- Two years of in-house training as a legal assistant.
For purposes of these Standards, "in-house training as a
legal assistant" means attorney education of the employee
concerning legal assistant duties and these Guidelines. In addition to
review and analysis of assignments, the legal assistant should receive a
reasonable amount of instruction directly related to the duties and
obligations of the legal assistant.
COMMENT
The Standards set forth suggest minimum qualifications for a
legal assistant. These minimum qualifications, as adopted, recognize
legal related work backgrounds and formal education backgrounds, both of
which provide the legal assistant with a broad base in exposure to and
knowledge of the legal profession. This background is necessary to
assure the public and the legal profession that the employee identified
as a legal assistant is qualified.
The Certified Legal Assistant (CLA) /Certified
Paralegal (CP) examination
established by NALA in 1976 is a voluntary nationwide certification
program for legal assistants. (CLA and CP are
federally registered certification marks owned by NALA.) The CLA/CP designation is a statement to the
legal profession and the public that the legal assistant has met the
high levels of knowledge and professionalism required by NALA's
certification program. Continuing education requirements, which all
certified legal assistants must meet, assure that high standards are
maintained. The CLA/CP designation has been recognized as a means of
establishing the qualifications of a legal assistant in supreme court
rules, state court and bar association standards and utilization
guidelines.
Certification through NALA is available to all
legal assistants meeting the educational and experience requirements.
Certified Legal Assistants may also pursue advanced certification in
specialty practice areas through the APC, Advanced Paralegal
Certification, credentialing program. Legal assistants/paralegals
may also pursue certification based on state laws and procedures in
California, Florida, Louisiana and Texas.
IV
These Guidelines relating to standards of performance and
professional responsibility are intended to aid legal assistants and
attorneys. The ultimate responsibility rests with an attorney who
employs legal assistants to educate them with respect to the duties they
are assigned and to supervise the manner in which such duties are
accomplished.
COMMENT
In general, a legal assistant is allowed to perform any task
which is properly delegated and supervised by an attorney, as long as
the attorney is ultimately responsible to the client and assumes
complete professional responsibility for the work product.
ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 5.3 provides:
With respect to a non-lawyer employed or retained by or
associated with a lawyer:
(a) a partner in a law firm shall make reasonable efforts to
ensure that the firm has in effect measures giving reasonable
assurance that the person's conduct is compatible with the
professional obligations of the lawyer;
(b) a lawyer having direct supervisory authority over the
non-lawyer shall make reasonable efforts to ensure that the person's
conduct is compatible with the professional obligations of the lawyer;
and
(c) a lawyer shall be responsible for conduct of such a
person that would be a violation of the rules of professional conduct
if engaged in by a lawyer if:
(1) the lawyer orders or, with the knowledge of the
specific conduct ratifies the conduct involved; or
(2) the lawyer is a partner in the law firm in which the
person is employed, or has direct supervisory authority over the
person, and knows of the conduct at a time when its consequences can
be avoided or mitigated but fails to take remedial action.
There are many interesting and complex issues involving the
use of legal assistants. In any discussion of the proper role of a legal
assistant, attention must be directed to what constitutes the practice
of law. Proper delegation to legal assistants is further complicated and
confused by the lack of an adequate definition of the practice of law.
Kentucky became the first state to adopt a Paralegal Code by
Supreme Court Rule. This Code sets forth certain exclusions to the
unauthorized practice of law:
For purposes of this rule, the unauthorized practice of law
shall not include any service rendered involving legal knowledge or
advice, whether representation, counsel or advocacy, in or out of
court, rendered in respect to the acts, duties, obligations,
liabilities or business relations of the one requiring services where:
- The client understands that the paralegal is not a
lawyer;
- The lawyer supervises the paralegal in the performance
of his or her duties; and
- The lawyer remains fully responsible for such
representation including all actions taken or not taken in
connection therewith by the paralegal to the same extent as if such
representation had been furnished entirely by the lawyer and all
such actions had been taken or not taken directly by the attorney.
Paralegal Code, Ky.S.Ct.R3.700, Sub-Rule 2.
South Dakota Supreme Court Rule 97-25 Utilization Rule a(4)
states:
The attorney remains responsible for the services
performed by the legal assistant to the same extent as though such
services had been furnished entirely by the attorney and such
actions were those of the attorney.
Guideline 1
Legal assistants should:
- Disclose their status as legal assistants at the outset
of any professional relationship with a client, other attorneys, a
court or administrative agency or personnel thereof, or members of the
general public;
- Preserve the confidences and secrets of all clients; and
- Understand the attorney's Rules of Professional
Responsibility and these Guidelines in order to avoid any action which
would involve the attorney in a violation of the Rules, or give the
appearance of professional impropriety.
COMMENT
Routine early disclosure of the paralegal's status when
dealing with persons outside the attorney's office is necessary to
assure that there will be no misunderstanding as to the responsibilities
and role of the legal assistant. Disclosure may be made in any way that
avoids confusion. If the person dealing with the legal assistant already
knows of his/her status, further disclosure is unnecessary. If at any
time in written or oral communication the legal assistant becomes aware
that the other person may believe the legal assistant is an attorney,
immediate disclosure should be made as to the legal assistant's status.
The attorney should exercise care that the legal assistant
preserves and refrains from using any confidence or secrets of a client,
and should instruct the legal assistant not to disclose or use any such
confidences or secrets.
The legal assistant must take any and all steps necessary to
prevent conflicts of interest and fully disclose such conflicts to the
supervising attorney. Failure to do so may jeopardize both the
attorney's representation of the client and the case itself.
Guidelines for the Utilization of Legal Assistant Services
adopted December 3, 1994 by the Washington State Bar Association Board
of Governors states:
"Guideline 7: A lawyer shall take reasonable measures
to prevent conflicts of interest resulting from a legal assistant's
other employment or interest insofar as such other employment or
interests would present a conflict of interest if it were that of the
lawyer."
In Re Complex Asbestos Litigation, 232 Cal. App. 3d 572
(Cal. 1991), addresses the issue wherein a law firm was disqualified due
to possession of attorney-client confidences by a legal assistant
employee resulting from previous employment by opposing counsel.
In Oklahoma, in an order issued July 12, 2001, in the matter of
Mark A. Hayes, M.D. v. Central States Orthopedic Specialists, Inc.,
a Tulsa County District Court Judge disqualified a law firm from
representation of a client on the basis that an ethical screen was an
impermissible device to protect from disclosure confidences gained by a
non-lawyer employee while employed by another law firm. In applying the
same rules that govern attorneys, the court found that the Rules of
Professional Conduct pertaining to confidentiality apply to non-lawyers
who leave firms with actual knowledge of material, confidential
information and a screening device is not an appropriate alternative to
the imputed disqualification of an incoming legal assistant who has
moved from one firm to another during ongoing litigation and has actual
knowledge of material, confidential information. The decision was
appealed and the Oklahoma Supreme Court determined that, under certain
circumstances, screening is an appropriate management tool for
non-lawyer staff.
In 2004 the Nevada Supreme Court also addressed this issue at the urging
of the state’s paralegals. The Nevada Supreme Court granted a petition
to rescind the Court’s 1997 ruling in Ciaffone v. District Court.
In this case, the court clarified the original ruling, stating “mere
opportunity to access confidential information does not merit
disqualification.” The opinion stated instances in which screening may
be appropriate, and listed minimum screening requirements. The opinion
also set forth guidelines that a district court may use to determine if
screening has been or may be effective. These considerations are:
- substantiality of the relationship between the former and
current matters
- the time elapsed between the matters
- size of the firm
- number of individuals presumed to have confidential information
- nature of their involvement in the former matter
- timing and features of any measures taken to reduce the danger
of disclosure
- whether the old firm and the new firm represent adverse parties
in the same proceeding rather than in different proceedings.
The ultimate responsibility for compliance with approved
standards of professional conduct rests with the supervising attorney.
The burden rests upon the attorney who employs a legal assistant to
educate the latter with respect to the duties which may be assigned and
then to supervise the manner in which the legal assistant carries out
such duties. However, this does not relieve the legal assistant from an
independent obligation to refrain from illegal conduct. Additionally,
and notwithstanding that the Rules are not binding upon non-lawyers, the
very nature of a legal assistant's employment imposes an obligation not
to engage in conduct which would involve the supervising attorney in a
violation of the Rules.
The attorney must make sufficient background investigation of
the prior activities and character and integrity of his or her legal
assistants.
Further, the attorney must take all measures necessary to
avoid and fully disclose conflicts of interest due to other employment
or interests. Failure to do so may jeopardize both the attorney's
representation of the client and the case itself.
Legal assistant associations strive to maintain the high level
of integrity and competence expected of the legal profession and,
further, strive to uphold the high standards of ethics.
NALA's Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility states
"A legal assistant's conduct is guided by bar associations' codes
of professional responsibility and rules of professional conduct."
Guideline 2
Legal assistants should not:
- Establish attorney-client relationships; set legal fees;
give legal opinions or advice; or represent a client before a court,
unless authorized to do so by said court; nor
- Engage in, encourage, or contribute to any act which
could constitute the unauthorized practice law.
COMMENT:
Case law, court rules, codes of ethics and professional
responsibilities, as well as bar ethics opinions now hold which acts can
and cannot be performed by a legal assistant. Generally, the
determination of what acts constitute the unauthorized practice of law
is made by state supreme courts.
Numerous cases exist relating to the unauthorized practice of
law. Courts have gone so far as to prohibit the legal assistant from
preparation of divorce kits and assisting in preparation of bankruptcy
forms and, more specifically, from providing basic information about
procedures and requirements, deciding where information should be placed
on forms, and responding to questions from debtors regarding the
interpretation or definition of terms.
Cases have identified certain areas in which an attorney has a
duty to act, but it is interesting to note that none of these cases
state that it is improper for an attorney to have the initial work
performed by the legal assistant. This again points out the importance
of adequate supervision by the employing attorney.
An attorney can be found to have aided in the unauthorized
practice of law when delegating acts which cannot be performed by a
legal assistant.
Guideline 3
Legal assistants may perform services for an attorney in the
representation of a client, provided:
- The services performed by the legal assistant do not
require the exercise of independent professional legal judgment;
- The attorney maintains a direct
relationship with the client and maintains control of all client
matters;
- The attorney supervises the legal assistant;
- The attorney remains professionally responsible for all
work on behalf of the client, including any actions taken or not taken
by the legal assistant in connection therewith; and
- The services performed supplement, merge with and become
the attorney's work product.
COMMENT:
Paralegals, whether employees or independent
contractors, perform services for the attorney in the representation of
a client. Attorneys should delegate work to legal assistants
commensurate with their knowledge and experience and provide appropriate
instruction and supervision concerning the delegated work, as well as
ethical acts of their employment. Ultimate responsibility for the work
product of a legal assistant rests with the attorney. However, a legal
assistant must use discretion and professional judgment and must not
render independent legal judgment in place of an attorney.
The work product of a legal assistant is subject to civil
rules governing discovery of materials prepared in anticipation of
litigation, whether the legal assistant is viewed as an extension of the
attorney or as another representative of the party itself. Fed.R.Civ.P. 26 (b) (3)
and (5).
Guideline 4
In the supervision of a legal assistant, consideration should
be given to
- Designating work assignments that correspond to the legal
assistant's abilities, knowledge, training and experience;
- Educating and training the legal assistant with respect
to professional responsibility, local rules and practices, and firm
policies;
- Monitoring the work and professional conduct of the legal
assistant to ensure that the work is substantively correct and timely
performed;
- Providing continuing education for the legal assistant in
substantive matters through courses, institutes, workshops, seminars
and in-house training; and
- Encouraging and supporting membership and
active participation in professional organizations.
COMMENT:
Attorneys are responsible for the actions of their employees
in both malpractice and disciplinary proceedings. In the vast majority
of cases, the courts have not censured attorneys for a particular act
delegated to the legal assistant, but rather, have been critical of and
imposed sanctions against attorneys for failure to adequately supervise
the legal assistant. The attorney's responsibility for supervision of
his or her legal assistant must be more than a willingness to accept
responsibility and liability for the legal assistant's work. Supervision
of a legal assistant must be offered in both the procedural and
substantive legal areas. The attorney must delegate work based upon the
education, knowledge and abilities of the legal assistant and must
monitor the work product and conduct of the legal assistant to insure
that the work performed is substantively correct and competently
performed in a professional manner.
Michigan State Board of Commissioners has adopted Guidelines
for the Utilization of Legal Assistants (April 23, 1993). These
guidelines, in part, encourage employers to support legal assistant
participation in continuing education programs to ensure that the legal
assistant remains competent in the fields of practice in which the legal
assistant is assigned.
The working relationship between the lawyer and the legal
assistant should extend to cooperative efforts on public service
activities wherever possible. Participation in pro bono activities is
encouraged in ABA Guideline 10.
Guideline 5
Except as otherwise provided by statute, court rule or
decision, administrative rule or regulation, or the attorney's rules of
professional responsibility, and within the preceding parameters and
proscriptions, a legal assistant may perform any function delegated by
an attorney, including, but not limited to the following:
- Conduct client interviews and maintain general contact
with the client after the establishment of the attorney-client
relationship, so long as the client is aware of the status and
function of the legal assistant, and the client contact is under the
supervision of the attorney.
- Locate and interview witnesses, so long as the witnesses
are aware of the status and function of the legal assistant.
- Conduct investigations and statistical and documentary
research for review by the attorney.
- Conduct legal research for review by the attorney.
- Draft legal documents for review by the attorney.
- Draft correspondence and pleadings for review by and
signature of the attorney.
- Summarize depositions, interrogatories and testimony for
review by the attorney.
- Attend executions of wills, real estate closings,
depositions, court or administrative hearings and trials with the
attorney.
- Author and sign letters providing the legal assistant's
status is clearly indicated and the correspondence does not contain
independent legal opinions or legal advice.
COMMENT:
The United States Supreme Court has recognized the variety of
tasks being performed by legal assistants and has noted that use of
legal assistants encourages cost-effective delivery of legal services,
Missouri
v. Jenkins, 491 U.S.274, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 2471, n.10 (1989). In Jenkins,
the court further held that legal assistant time should be included in
compensation for attorney fee awards at the market rate of the relevant
community to bill legal assistant time.
Courts have held that legal assistant fees are not a part of
the overall overhead of a law firm. Legal assistant services are billed
separately by attorneys, and decrease litigation expenses. Tasks
performed by legal assistants must contain substantive legal work under
the direction or supervision of an attorney, such that if the legal
assistant were not present, the work would be performed by the attorney.
In Taylor v. Chubb, 874 P.2d 806 (Okla. 1994), the
Court ruled that attorney fees awarded should include fees for services
performed by legal assistants and, further, defined tasks which may be
performed by the legal assistant under the supervision of an attorney
including, among others: interview clients; draft pleadings and other
documents; carry on legal research, both conventional and computer
aided; research public records; prepare discovery requests and
responses; schedule depositions and prepare notices and subpoenas;
summarize depositions and other discovery responses; coordinate and
manage document production; locate and interview witnesses; organize
pleadings, trial exhibits and other documents; prepare witness and
exhibit lists; prepare trial notebooks; prepare for the attendance of
witnesses at trial; and assist lawyers at trials.
Except for the specific proscription contained in Guideline 1,
the reported cases do not limit the duties which may be performed by a
legal assistant under the supervision of the attorney.
An attorney may not split legal fees with a legal assistant,
nor pay a legal assistant for the referral of legal business. An
attorney may compensate a legal assistant based on the quantity and
quality of the legal assistant's work and value of that work to a law
practice.
CONCLUSION
These Standards and Guidelines were developed from generally
accepted practices. Each supervising attorney must be aware of the
specific rules, decisions and statutes applicable to legal assistants
within his/her jurisdiction.
For further information, the following cases may be helpful to
you:
Duties:
Taylor v. Chubb, 874 P.2d 806 (Okla. 1994)
McMackin v. McMackin, 651 A.2d 778 (Del.Fam Ct 1993)
Work Product:
Fine v. Facet Aerospace Products Co., 133 F.R.D. 439 (S.D.N.Y.
1990)
Unauthorized Practice of Law
Akron Bar Assn. V. Green, 673 N.E.2d 1307 (Ohio 1997)
In Re Hessinger & Associates, 192 B.R. 211 (N.D. Calif. 1996)
In the Matter of Bright, 171 B.R. 799 (Bkrtcy. E.D. Mich)
Louisiana State Bar Assn v. Edwins, 540 So.2d 294 (La. 1989)
Attorney/Client Privilege
In Re Complex Asbestos Litigation, 232 Cal. App. 3d 572
(Calif. 1991)
Makita Corp. V. U.S., 819 F.Supp. 1099 (CIT 1993)
Conflicts
In Re Complex Asbestos Litigation, 232 Cal. App. 3d 572
(Calif. 1991)
Makita Corp. V. U.S., 819 F.Supp. 1099 (CIT 1993)
Phoenix Founders, Inc., v. Marshall, 887 S.W.2d 831 (Tex. 1994)
Smart Industries v. Superior Court, 876 P.2d 1176 (Ariz. App.
Div.1 1994)
Supervision
Matter of Martinez,
754 P.2d 842 (N.M. 1988)
State v. Barrett, 483 P.2d 1106 (Kan. 1971)
Hayes v. Central States Orthopedic Specialists, Inc., 2002
OK 30, 51 P.3d 562
Liebowitz v. Eighth Judicial District Court of Nevada Nev Sup
Ct., No 39683,
November 3, 2003 clarified in part and overrules in part Ciaffone
v. District Court, 113 Nev 1165, 945. P2d 950 (1997)
Fee Awards
In Re Bicoastal Corp., 121 B.R. 653 (Bktrcy.M.D.Fla.
1990)
In Re Carter, 101 B.R. 170 (Bkrtcy.D.S.D. 1989)
Taylor v. Chubb,
874 P.2d 806 (Okla.1994)
Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d
229 (1989) 11 U.S.C.A.'330
McMackin v. McMackin, Del.Fam.Ct. 651 A.2d 778 (1993)
Miller v. Alamo, 983 F.2d 856 (8th Cir. 1993)
Stewart v. Sullivan, 810 F.Supp. 1102 (D.Hawaii 1993)
In Re Yankton College,
101 B.R. 151 (Bkrtcy. D.S.D. 1989)
Stacey v. Stroud, 845 F.Supp. 1135 (S.D.W.Va. 1993)
Court Appearances
Louisiana State Bar Assn v. Edwins,
540 So.2d 294 (La.
1989)
In addition to the above referenced cases, you may contact
your state bar association for information regarding guidelines for the
utilization of legal assistants that may have been adopted by the bar,
or ethical opinions concerning the utilization of legal assistants. The
following states have adopted a definition of
"legal
assistant" or
"paralegal"
either through bar association guidelines, ethical opinions, legislation
or case law:
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Legislation:
California
Florida
Illinois
Indiana
Maine
Pennsylvania
Supreme Court Cases or Rules:
Kentucky
New Hampshire
New Mexico
North Dakota
Rhode Island
South Dakota
Virginia
Cases
Arizona
New Jersey
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Washington |
Guidelines
Colorado
Connecticut
Georgia
Idaho
New York
Oregon
Utah
Wisconsin
Bar Association Activity:
Alaska
Arizona
Colorado
Connecticut
Florida
Illinois
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky |
Bar Associations (Cont.)
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nevada
New Mexico
New Hampshire
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
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NALA, All rights reserved.
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